Multidisciplinary Cancer Investigation
نشریه بین المللی چند تخصصی سرطان
Multidiscip Cancer Investig
Medical Sciences
http://mcijournal.com
1
admin
2476-4922
2538-1911
10.30699/acadpub.mci
en
jalali
1401
1
1
gregorian
2022
4
1
6
2
online
1
fulltext
en
Dietary Acid Load and Bladder Cancer Risk: An Epidemiologic Case-Control Study
Health Policy and Economics
Original/Research Article
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="WordSection1"><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="page:WordSection1"><span style="line-height:116%"><b><span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">Introduction:</span></span></span></b><b> </b><span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">Dietary</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">acid</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">load</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">contributes</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">to</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">metabolic</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">acidosis,</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">closely</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">linked</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">to</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">cancer</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">development</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">through</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">inflammation</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">cell</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">transformation.</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">There</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">is</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">very</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">limited</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">epidemiologic</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">evidence;</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">linking</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">diet-dependent</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">acid</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">load</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">cancer</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">risk.</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">Since</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">there</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">are</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">few</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">published</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">studies</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">speci</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">fi</span>cally <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">on</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">urinary</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">pH</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">bladder</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">cancer</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(BC)</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">risk,</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">we</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">sought</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">to</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">explore</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">this</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">association</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">in</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">the</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">present</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">study</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">.</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""></span></span></span><br>
<span style="line-height:116%"><b><span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Methods: </span></span></span></b><span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20">A<span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> case-control</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">study</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">was</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">performed</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">in</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">765</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">patients</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(255</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">cases</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">510</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">age-</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">matched</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">controls)</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">through</span> a <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">multi-topic</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">inquiry</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">including</span> a <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">food</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">frequency</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">questionnaire.</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Food-derived</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">nutrients</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">were</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">calculated</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">from</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">available</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">databases.</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">The</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">dietary</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">acid</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">load</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">was</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">calculated</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">based</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">on</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">two</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">validated</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">measures</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">including</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">potential</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">renal</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">acid</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">load</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(PRAL)</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">net</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">endogenous</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">acid</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">production</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(NEAP)</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">scores.</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Odds</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">ratios</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(OR)</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">their</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">95%</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">con</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">fidence</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">intervals</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">were</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">estimated</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">by</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">unconditional</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">logistic</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">regression</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">adjusted</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">for</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">potential</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">confounders.</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""></span></span></span><br>
<span style="line-height:116%"><b><span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">Results:</span></span></span></b><b> </b><span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.5pt">We</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">found</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">direct</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">associations</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">between</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">dietary</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">acid</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">load</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">and</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">BC</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">risk.</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Both</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">acid</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">load</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">scores</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">were</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">signi</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">ficantly </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">associated</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">with</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">an</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">increased</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">BC</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">risk</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(OR=1.74</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">and</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">OR=1.83</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">for</span></span></span> <span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">PRAL</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">NEAP</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">scores,</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">respectively).</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Linear</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">trends</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">were</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">found</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">for</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">both</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">risk</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">estimates.</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""></span></span></span><br>
<span style="line-height:116%"><b><span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20"><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">Conclusions:</span></span></span></b><b> </b><span style="line-height:116%"><span style="color:#231f20">A <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">high</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">dietary</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">acid</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">load</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">may</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">contribute</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">to</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">BC</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">development.</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Both</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">acid</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">load</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">scores</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">were</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">directly</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">associated</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">with</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">animal-based</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">foods</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(mainly</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">meat)</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">inversely</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">associated</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">with</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">the</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">intake</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">of</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">plant-based</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">foods.</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.4pt">To</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">our</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">knowledge,</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">this</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">is</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">the</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.0pt"> first </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">epidemiologic</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">case-control</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">study</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">analyzing</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">associations</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">of</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">dietary</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">acid</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">load</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">and</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">BC</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">risk</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">in</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">the</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Latin</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">American</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">population.</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Further</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">research</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">is</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">warranted</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">to</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">con</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">firm </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">our</span> <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">fi</span></span>ndings.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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Nutrition Assessment, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms, Diet, Epidemiology
1
12
http://mcijournal.com/browse.php?a_code=A-10-284-2&slc_lang=en&sid=1
Alvaro
L. Ronco
alv.ronco58@gmail.com
10031947532846003306
10031947532846003306
Yes
Unit of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Pereira Rossell Women’s Hospital, Mon- tevideo, Uruguay & School of Medicine, CLAEH University, Prado and Salt Lake, Maldonado, Uruguay & Biomedical Sciences Center, University of Montevideo, Puntas de Santiago, Montevideo, Uruguay
Maximilian
A. Storz
10031947532846003307
10031947532846003307
No
Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Wilner
Martínez-López
10031947532846003308
10031947532846003308
No
Epigenetics and Genomics Instability Laboratory and Biodosimetry Service, Clemente Estable Biological Research Institute, Montevideo, Uruguay 6 Academic Unit on Radiation Protection, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay & Academic Unit on Radiation Protection, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
Juan
M. Calderón
10031947532846003309
10031947532846003309
No
Biomedical Sciences Center, University of Montevideo, Puntas de Santiago, Montevideo, Uruguay
Wilson
Golomar
10031947532846003310
10031947532846003310
No
Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Montevideo, Uruguay